Wearable glucose sensing technologies for next-generation telehealth and personalized healthcare

The rapid evolution of telehealth has catalyzed the development of wearable glucose biosensors capable of continuous, non-invasive monitoring. However, the transition from rigid, planar electronics to skin-conformal systems remains hindered by significant mechanical mismatches, environmental instability, and poor breathability. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the material and structural strategies employed to bridge this gap. We first evaluate the limitations of conventional substrates and the emergence of intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites incorporating graphene, MXenes, and liquid metals. Particular emphasis is placed on the 'biotic–abiotic interface,' where porosity engineering and microfluidic integration are essential for long-term wear ability and signal fidelity. Furthermore, we discuss the shift from passive sensing to autonomous, closed-loop systems that integrate wireless communication, local data processing, and therapeutic actuation. By examining the synergy between materials innovation and system-level engineering, this review outlines a roadmap toward next-generation, self-sufficient electronic skins that can fundamentally reshape personalized diabetes management.