The state of antibiotic resistance in Nigeria; challenges, and the way forward: A narrative review

This narrative review examines the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and underlying factors contributing to antibiotic resistance (AR) in Nigeria, highlighting its growing public health threat. Antibiotic Resistance occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms to resist the effects of antibiotics, limiting treatment options for infectious diseases. The review explores key factors driving AR in Nigeria, including over-prescribing, self-medication, inadequate regulations, lack of awareness, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. It also outlines the role of healthcare providers, pharmacies, and patients in the misuse of antibiotics, contributing to the spread of resistant bacteria. The review emphasizes the need for stronger antibiotic stewardship programs, improved diagnostic services, public education on responsible antibiotic use, and regulation of antibiotic sales. Recommendations are made for healthcare policies and strategies to mitigate AR and improve infection control in hospital and community settings. The findings underscore the urgency of addressing AR to prevent a post-antibiotic era where even minor infections could become fatal