Research advances in classification and treatment of tooth inclusion

Tooth invagination is a dental developmental anomaly caused by excessive folding or localized hyperplasia of the enamel organ, resulting in its penetration into the dental papilla. Due to the complex anatomical structure and root canal morphology typically associated with tooth invagination, its treatment presents significant challenges. The application of new technologies such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), root canal microscopic techniques, and 3D printing has played a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of tooth invagination. This review examines the etiology, prevalence, classification, treatment approaches, and application of novel technologies in diagnosing and managing tooth enamel hypoplasia, aiming to provide clinical guidance for its management.