International NGOs in a globalized world: Contributions, challenges, and controversies

Under the influence of globalization, private companies such as Tesla are becoming increasingly capable of damaging the Earth's ecosystem and human civilization. Despite generating substantial market capital, their operational processes and outcomes are contributing to escalating conflicts between humans, nature, and society globally (Pattisson 2021; Rodway 2022; Cota 2023). The professionalism and transnational nature of international NGOs have established them as exclusive organizations that promote and address transnational problems within a neoliberal framework. The purpose of this essay is to examine the roles, contributions, and limitations of international NGOs in the context of global civil society. The first part of the essay provides a general definition of international NGOs and civil society, followed by a discussion of the differences between the two entities. The second part highlights the contributions and limitations of international NGOs through real-world examples and critically analyzes their impact under globalization on various issues.